Atomic gases refer to a system of atoms that are cooled down to very low temperatures, typically near absolute zero. In this ultra-cold state, atoms exhibit unique quantum mechanical behaviors, allowing for the study of fundamental physics phenomena such as superfluidity, Bose-Einstein condensation, and quantum entanglement. Atomic gases can be composed of various types of atoms, such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare-earth elements, and are typically manipulated using techniques such as laser cooling and magnetic trapping. This field of research has applications in quantum computing, precision measurements, and the study of exotic phases of matter.